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ملاحظات:
1) Benjamin, 1970, pp260, 263, 266، نشكر بشكل خاص فيليب مارفليت Philip Marfleet كمصدر للتحليل والمعلومات.
2) Benjamin, 1970, p259.
لمزيد من المناقشة النقدية لهذه “الأطروحة” انظر Callinicos, 2004, chapter 5.
3) انظر على سبيل المثال، Batatu, 1978, part five, Beinin and Lockman, 1987, chapters 13 and 14, and Gordon, 1992.
وقد استفدت أيضا من قراءة مسودة الفصل الذي كتته ان الكسندر حول التفاعل بين الحركات الجماهيرية والضباط الأحرار في مصر والعراق، وأدين بالشكر لتعليقاتها المفيدة جدا.
4) El-Mahdi and Marfleet, 2009.
5) Marx, 1971, p21 .
6) Watkins, 2010, p20.
7) Callinicos, 2010, pp6-13 .
Duménil and Lévy, 2011, p2.
9) Callinicos, 2010, p6 .
10) http://bit.ly/worldbanktunisia/
11) http://bit.ly/worldbankegypt/
12) على سبيل المثال، انظر Waterbury, 1983.
13) Bush, 2009.
14) Alexander, 2011 .
15) Al-Malky, 2011 .
16) El-Naggar, 2009, p42.
17) http://arabworld.worldbank.org/content/awi/en/home/featured/youth_programs.html
18) Beinin, 2009, p77.
19) Fahim, Slackman, and Rohde, 2011.
20) Lewis, 2011.
21) Kornblihtt and Magro, 2011.
22) Schwartz, 2009, p110. See also pp164-171.
23) Chossudovsky, 2011.
24( Sadiki, 2011.
25) Trudell, 2011.
26) Sargent, 2011.
27) يقول ديفيد مكنالي David McNally أن الكساد العظيم حفز “مقاومة عظيمة”، وذلك رغم أن بعض أهم الأمثلة التي ضربها بوليفيا من عام 2000 إلى 2005 وأوكاساكا عام 2006- كانت بشكل فعلي سابقة على بداية الأزمة – McNally, 2011.
28) Friedman, 2011c.
29) Friedman, 2011a.
30) Chomsky, 1999, pp194-195.
31) Soldz, 2011.
32) Beaugé, 2011.
33) والمخجل أن سيف القذافي تحدث حول “ليبيا: الماضي والحضار والمستقبل” في احداث رالف ميليباند” في مايو 2010:
“Libya: Past, Present, and Future” in a “Special Ralph Miliband Event” on 25 May 2010: www2.lse.ac.uk/publicEvents/events/2010/20100525t1830vLSE.aspx
34) Giddens, 2007.
35) Business Week, 2007.
36) Pilkington, 2011.
37) Pew Research Center, 2010.
38) Gates, 2011.
39) McGregor, 2011.
40) Gardner, 2011b.
41) Shavit, 2011.
42) Ali, 2011.
43) Trotsky, 1967, volume 1, p15.
44) Hardt and Negri, 2011.
45) Gramsci, 1971, p196.
46) Temlali, 2011.
47) Beinin, 2009, p77.
48) Gramsci, 1978, p198.
49) Trotsky, 1972, p288
، لمزيد من المناقشة حول هذه الاختلافات انظر : Callinicos, 1991, pp50-66, and, of the related distinction between democratic and socialist revolutions, Rees, 1999.
50) Friedman, 2011b.
51) : http://wikileaks.ch/cable/2008/09/08CAIRO2091.html
53) Talk at International Socialism seminar on Egypt, Tunisia, and Revolution in
the Middle East, London, 22 February 2011; video at www.isj.org.uk/?id=716
.Gardner, 2011a. 54)
55) Allam and Khalaf, 2011
On the latter, see Harman, 1982, and Broué, 200656)
انظر حول الثاني:
57)
تعد رواية حنا بطاطو الوافية حول أصول ومسار والأشياء المترتبة على الثورة العرافية بمثابة تحفة تأريخية. أنظر: Batatu, 1978, pp985-986, for King Hussain of Jordan’s account of the CIA’s role in the February 1963 coup.
58) Kapu’sci’nski, 1982, p114.
59) Marshall, 1988, chapter 2, and Poya, 1987 .
60) Warrick, 2011 .
61) Clover and Khalaf, 2011 .
62) Charbel, 2011 .
63) Luxemburg, 1970, p185
64) Trotsky, 1969, p278.
كان نيل ديفيدسون على ذلك مسترعا قليلا عندما وصف مؤخرا “الثورة الدائمة” في هذه المجلة باعتبارها “مفهوم تاريخي”، رغم إنه ناقض بعد ذلك بصفحتين، مشيرا إلى “الافتقار الأصيل إلى الاستقرار” الناتج عن التنمية غير المتكافئة والمركبة للرأسمالية العالمية، ككابح “لإمكانيات الثورة الدائمة” Davidson, 2010, pp195, 197.
65) Ozman, 2011.
. Gramsci, 1971, p235 (66
Naguib, 2009, p11467) .
68) Beinin and Lockman, 1987, p450; الجزء الثاني بشكل عام. ولمناقشة تفاصيل العمالوية
والشعبوية على صعيد الجنوب الأفريقي انظر: Callinicos, 1988, especially pp191-194.
69) Shukrallah and El-Abbas, 2011.
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ترجمة لمقال:
Alex Callinicos, The return of the Arab revolution, International Socialism, A quarterly journal of socialist theory, Issue: 130, Posted: 1 April 11.
http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=717&issue=130
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